PREAMBLE

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND TO SECURE TO ALL ITS CITIZENS:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;

and to promote among them all ---

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY THIS TWENTY SIXTH day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

·         Concept has been taken from USA.

·         Language has been taken from France.

·         The Preamble is a preface or an introductory part of the Indian Constitution or a key to understand the constitution.

·         The basic structure of the constitution has been stated under the Preamble.

·         Indian Preamble is based on J.L. Nehru’s “Objective Resolution.”

·         It was moved by Mr. Nehru on 13^th December.

·         It was adopted by the assembly on 22^nd January 1947.

·         Preamble is non-judiciable.

·         Indian Preamble has been amended only once by 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976.

·         By the 42^nd Amendment Act three words have been added to the preamble, by the recommendation of Saran Singh Committee: Socialist, Secular and Integrity

·         The source of authority of Indian Constitution is people of India.

·         According to the preamble the nature of Indian at the commandment of the constitution of Sovereign, Democratic & Republic

·         Indian Constitution has a preamble – it indicates that it is written.

·         Sovereign: It refers to the absolute power of the Government of the Country.

o   Sovereign is two types: Internal and External

i)           Internal Sovereignty: It means the law of the states ultimate and absolute within the territory of the state and all the citizens have to obey the law.

ii)         External Sovereignty: It means India is independent and is not controlled by other countries and nations.

·         Socialist: It is added by 42^nd amendment Act, 1976. It refers to a system where all means of production and distribution shall be controlled by the state. But the Indian brand of socialism is “Democratic Socialism” where the public and private sector co-exist side by side that is mix-economy. The main purposed of democratic socialism is to reduce inequality between the rich and the poor.

·         Secular: It is added by 42^nd Amendment Act, 1976. It refers to equal respect and equal protection of all religions by the Government.

o   The state has no specific religion

o   The state shall be neutral or impercial towards all religions.

·         Democratic: It refers to a system of administration where the people can participle in the Government activities. It signifies that the Government of India must be ran by the elected representative of the people on the basis of universal adult franchises.

·         Republic: It refers to a system of administration where the head of the country will be elected.

o   It signifies that India has an elected head (President) which elected indirectly for a period of 5 years (Republic is the opposite of Monarchy).

·         Justice: It is three types – Social, Economic and Political

o   Social Justice refers to the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction on the basis of cast, colour, race, religion or sex.

o   Economic Justice refers to the elimination of inequality in wealth, income and property.

o   Political Justice refers that all the citizens should share equal political rights (the ideal of justice has been taken from Russian Revolution, 1917)

·         Liberty:  It means the absent of the restraints on the activities of the individual and at the same time providing opportunities for the development of individual.

·         Equality: It means the absence special privileges to section of sociality.

·         Fraternity: It means the sense of brotherhood. It assure the dignity of the individuals and unity and integrity of the nation. (The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity have been taken from French Revolution, 1789)

Ø    Comments:

           ü  “The Preamble is the horoscope of our sovereign democratic republic.” – K.N. Munshi

           ü  “Preamble is the keynote of the Indian Constitution.” – Sir Earnest Barker

           ü  “Preamble is the soul of Constitution.” – Thakur Das Bhargab

           ü  “Preamble is the paradise of lawyers” – M.V. Pellai

___________________________

Some Important Questions & Answers on Indian Constitution

1.     When was the Indian Regulation Act came into existence?

Ans. 1773

2.     When was the Pitts India Act introduced?

Ans. 1784

3.     The separation of judiciary from administration was introduced for the 1^st time by which Act?

Ans. Indian Regulation Act

4.     The post of the Governor General was established through which Act?

Ans. Govt. of India Act, 1858

5.     The East India Company was abolished by which Act?

Ans. Govt. of India Act, 1858

6.     Which types of powers introduced by Govt. of India Act, 1935

Ans. Reserved and Transferred

7.     The Peel Committee was set up in which year?

Ans. 1916

8.     Diarchy was introduced in the provinces in which year?

Ans. 1919

9.     In which year was formation of regional party come into existence?

Ans. 1921

10.  When was the 1^st meeting of Constituent Assembly held in Delhi?

Ans. 9^th December, 1946

11.  Who was the ‘temporary’ or ‘inaugurate’ president of Constituent Assembly?

Ans. Sachidananda Sinha

12. When was Rajendra Prasad elected as permanent president of Constituent Assembly?

Ans. 11^th December, 1946

13. How many members were there in Constituent Assembly?

Ans. 389

14.  How many members were there in Constituent Assembly from Princely States?

Ans. 93

15.  How many members were there in Constituent Assembly from Commissioner’s Provinces?

Ans. 4

16.  By how many committees were The Constituent Assembly worked through?

Ans. 22 Committees

17. Who was the Constitutional Advisor of Constituent Assembly?

Ans. Sri Benegal Narsing Rao

18. Who introduced the Objective Resolution of Preamble?

Ans. Pandit Jawhar Lal Nehru

19.  J.L. Nehru introduced Objective Resolution in which year?

Ans. 13^th December, 1946

20.  When was the Objective Resolution adopted by Constituent Assembly?

Ans. 22^nd January, 1947

21.  When was the Drafting Committee set up?

Ans. 29^th August, 1947

22.  Who was the Chairman of Drafting Committee?

Ans. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

23.  Who was the only Muslim Member of Drafting Committee?

Ans. Sir Syed Muhammed Saadulla

24. How many members were there in Drafting Committee?

Ans. 7

25.  When did the Drafting Committee start to prepare Constitution?

Ans. 4^th November, 1947

26.  When did the Drafting Committee finish the draft of Constitution?

Ans. 21^st February, 1948

27.  Indian Constituent was actually ready/adopted in which year?

Ans. 26^th November, 1949

28.  Indian Constituent was come into force in India in which year?

Ans. 26^th January, 1950

29. What is the chief recommendation of Peel Committee?

Ans. To set up a federal structure

30.   India got her independence through which act?

Ans. Indian Independence Act

31.  Mount Batten Plan is known as:

Ans. June 3^rd Plan

32. How many articles were there in our Constitution?

Ans. 395

33. How many articles are there in our Constitution?

Ans. 448

34.  How many schedules were there in our Constitution?

Ans. 8

35. How many schedules are there in our Constitution?

Ans. 12

36. How many parts were there in our Constitution?

Ans. 22

37.  How many parts are there in our Constitution?

Ans. 24

38.  How long time was it taken to prepare the Constitution?

Ans. 2 years 11 months and 17 days

39.  What was the expenditure amount to prepare the Constitution?

Ans. Nearly 64 Lakhs

40.  When did Cabinet Mission come to India?

Ans. 1946

41. How many members were there in Cabinet Mission?

Ans. 3

42.Who were the members of Cabinet Mission?

           Ans. Sir Stafford Cripps, A.V. Alexander and Pathik Lawrence

43.Who was the Chairman of Cabinet Mission?

           Ans. Sir Pathik Lawrence

44.Through which Plan did India get her freedom (independence)?

           Ans. Mountbatten Plan

45.Morley-Minto Reforms Act was come into existence in which year?

           Ans. 1909

46.In which year did the Montague Chelmsford Report come into existence?

           Ans. 1919

How to write Short-Story Writing?

A student has no in-dependency for selecting a plot and how to write a short story. There will be some outlines on which he has to write the story.

There are three types of outline:

A. Full or detailed outlines.

B. Bare outlines.

C. Incomplete outlines.

Sometimes there are some outlines about the beginning of the story but there is no outlines about its climax in this case student have to guess the climax of the story.

How to Proceed:
A. A student has to read the given outlines very carefully and repeatedly until he understands the story plot very well.

B. After understanding the plot of the story there is no need to write the title but he should start the story writing first.

C. The story should be written according the outlines order.

D. The story should be completed simple flow, there should not be no unrelated plots in the story writting.

E. One can use the direct speech in case of dialogue or conversation of story but all should be very simple.

F. At the end of the story writting one should write a suitable title for his story but he have to remember that the title should be related to the main character, plots or incident of the story or a suitable Proverb which describe the story.

G. The story should not be more longer. It should be written as per stated words.

CHRONOLOGICALLY MODERN INDIAN HISTORY AND INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (AD1700 – AD 1948)

1700:Death of Rajaram and accession of Svivaji – II with tarabai as Regent                              Foundation of – Fort William by the East India Company

1707:Death of Aurangzeb – died at Ahmednagar, Buried at Aurangabad

          Battle Jajau – accession of Bahadur Shah – I

          Release of Shahu from Mughal Capitivity

          Beginning of Maratha Civil War (between Shahu and Tarabai)

1708:Death of Gru Gobind Singh

Battle of Khed & occupation of Satara by Shahu

Coronation of Shahu as –‘Chatrapati’ [Granted title of ‘Senakarte’ to – Balaji Vishwanth]

1712: Death of Bahadur Shah – I, Accession fo Jahandar Shah

1713: Murder of Jahandar Shah, Accession of Farukh Siyar

1713 - 1720: Peshwaship of Balaji Vishwanath

1714: Final defeat and imprisonment of Tarabai by Shahu, resulting in the end of the Maratha Civil war Hussain Ali became viceroy of Decan.

          Treaty between Hussain Ali and the Marathas

1716: Sikh Leader ‘Banda’ was killed by the order of the Mughal Emperor – Faruk Siyar

1717: Faruk Siyar’s Fireman to East India Company granting them right to trade in Bengal without tax or ‘Dastak’

          Murshid Kuli Khan appointed as Subadar in Bengal & he established independent Nawabi in Bengal

1719: Farukh Siyar put death – Successive accession and deposition of puppet emperors – Accession of Muhammad Shah

          Conclusion of an agreement between Balaji Vishwanath and the Sayad Brothers

1720: Fall of the Sayad Brothers

1720-1740: Peshwaship of Baji Rao – I [Beginning of the system of Maratha Confederacy & Northward expansion of the Marathas]

1722: Appointment of Sa’dat Khan as governor of Oudh

1724: Nizam-Ul_muk founded – Independent State of Hyderabad, [City of Hyderabad was founded by – Md. Kuli Kutub Shah]

          Qamaruddin – appointed as ‘Wazir’

1728: Sadat Khan (Burhan-Ul-Mulk) founded – Independent State of Oudh [but his dynasty remained loyal to Delhi till 8^th generation]

1739: 24^th Feb – Battle of Karnal – Nadir Shah, ruler of Persia defeated Mohammad Shah, the Mughal Emperor Nadir Shah sacked Delhi

          Death of Shuja-Ud-Din – his son, Sarfaraz appointed as the governor of Bengal

1740: 10^th April – Battle of Gheria – Alivardi Khan defeated and killed Sarfaraz Khan and became Nawab of Bengal

          Treaty of Shalimar – between Nadir Shah and Muhammad Shah

1740 – 1761: Peshwaship of Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb)

          [Further expansion of Maratha power and influence]

1742: Marathas invaded Bengal

          Appointment of Dupleix as Governor of Pondicherry

1744 – 1748: 1^st Anglo – French War (Carnatic War)

1745:

          Rohillas in occupation of Roilkhand

1746:

          Capture of Madras by – La Bourdonnais

1747:

          1^st invasion of Ahmed-Shah Abdali in India (He was also called – ‘Durrani’)

1748:

          Death of – Nizam Chinquilich Khan

          Death of – Emperor Muhamamd Shah, Accession of Ahmed Shah

1749:

          Death of Shahu

          Peshwas became all powerful

          Restoration of Madras to the English

1749 – 1754:

          2^nd Carnatic War

1750:

          Defeat and death of – Nizam Nasir Jang. Mujaffar Jang became Nizam

1751:

          Capture and defence of Arcot by – Robert Clive

          Death of Nasir Jang. Accession of Salabat Jang as Nizam

          Conclusion of treaty by Nawab Alivardi with the Marathas by surrendering Cuttack

1754:

          Recall of Dupleix, Godehu’s appointment as Governor and his treaty with the English

          Accession of Alamgir – II

1756: 21^st  April - Death of Alivardi Khna; 
           Siraj-ud-Daula became Nawab of Bengal
           20^th June - Siraj captured Calcutta and renamed it 'Alinagar'
           [Black Hole Tragedy is rumored to have occurred during this captured]

1757:

          2^nd Jan – Recovery of Calcutta by the British

          Jan- Delhi & Mathura sacked by – Ahmed Shah Abdali

          9^th Feb – Treaty of Alinagar – between Robert Clive & Siraj-ud-Daula

          March – British capture Chandernagore

          23^rd June – Battle of Palassey

          Mir-Madan, Siraj’s General was killed in the battle field

          Siraj was defeated, arrested and later executed 92^nd July)

          British East India Company emerged as powerful entity in Bengal

          28^th June – Mir Zafar installed as Nawab of Bengal

          Mughal Emperor – Alamgir-II

1758 – 1763:

          3^rd Carnatic War

1758:

          Arrival of Lally in India

          Occupation of the Punjab by the Marathas

          Masulipatnam captured by – Forde

1759:

          Bettle of Bidera – British Company (under Robert Clive) defeated Dutch Company

          Prince Ali Gauhar’s futile invasion of Bihar

          Emperor Alamgir – II murdered by Ghazi-ud-din

1760:

          22^nd Jan – Battle of Wandiwash – British General Eyre Coote defeated French Governer Count Lally

          Battle of Udgir

          Vansittart appointed as Governor of Bengal

          Mir Qashim became the Nawab of Bengal (also known as ‘Bloodless Revolution’)

1761:

          14^th Jan – 3^rd Battle of Panipath – Between Marathas & Afgans under Ahmed Shah Abdali

          Marathas were badly defeated

          End of Maratha Supremacy

          Death of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao

          Surrender of Pondicherry – by French to the English

          Accession of Ali Gauhar as Emperor Shah Alam – II

          Appointment of Shuja-ud-Daulla as – ‘Wazir’

          Haider Ali became King of Mysore

1763:

          Mir Qasim Driven out of Bengal and Bihar

1764:

          Battle of Buxar – English General Hector Munro defeated combined forces of Mir Qashim, Oudh (Suja-ud-Daula) and Mughal Emperor – Shah Alam-II

1765:

          Death of Mir Zafar

          Clive’s Second Governorship (1765-69)

          Treaty of Allahabad between Robert Clive and Shah Alam-II

          Granting Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to English East India Company

          Dual System of Government was introduced.

1766: Acquisition by the company of the Northern Circars

1766-69: 1^st Mysore War

1767: Departure of Clive – Verelest became Governor in Bengal

1770: The Great Bengal Famine (Bengali:1176)

          Warren Hastings abolished – Dual System of Government

1772: Warren Hastings – appointed Governor of Bengal

          Death of Peshwa Maddhava Rao – Accession & murder of Peshwa Narayan Rao

1773: Regulating Act of 1772 (This Act was created by British Parliament)

          Peashwaship of Raghunath Rao or ‘Raghoba’

1774: Accession of Narayan Rao as Peshwa

          The Rohilla War

          Warren Hastings installed Governor General

          Supreme Court was established in Calcutta [Elizah Impey was the 1^st judge of Supreme Court]

1775: Hanging of – Raja Nandakumar (1^st Judicial Murder)

1775 – 82: 1^st Anglo-Maratha war started

1776: Treaty of Purandhar

1778: AMINI Commission – appointed about – Land Revenue System

1779: Convention of Wadgaon.

          Anglo-Mysore War

1780: Gwalior captured by – General Popham

          2^nd Anglo-Mysore War started (1780-84)

          Death of Haider Ali (1782)

          Treaty of Mangalore (1784)

1781: Deposition of Chait Singh

          Amendment of the Regulating Act

          Calcutta Madrasah founded by – Warren Hastings

1782: Affair of the Begums of Oudh

          Treaty of Salbai between Warren Hastings & Mahadaji Schindhia

          Death of Haider Ali

1783: Fox’s India Bill

1784: Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu Sultan and East India Company

          Foundation of Royal Asiatic Society by Sir William Jones in Calcutta

          Pitt’s India Act

          Foundation of Board of Control

1785: Warren Hastings resigned from Governor Generalship

1786: Lord Cornwallis appointed Governor General

1789: French Revolution

1790: 3^rd Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)

1791: Sanskrit College of Benaras founded by Jonathan Duncan

1792: Treaty of Srirangapattanam between Tipu & Lord Cornwallis

          Ranjit Singh became leader of the Sikh ‘misi’

1793: Permanent Settlement in Benal by Cornwallis

          Renewal of Company’s charter

          Retirement of Cornwallis John Shore became the new Governor General

1794: Death of Mahadaji Schindhia

1795: Battle of Kharda or Khardla

          Death of Ahalya Bai

1796: Death of Peshwa Madhav Rao.

          New Peshwa – Baji Rao – II

1797: Zaman Shah in Punjab

          Death of Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula of Oudh

1798: Lord Wellesley became the new Governor General

          Subsidiary Alliance by Lord Wellesley [Sadat Ali, the Nizam of Hyderabad was first to accept it]

1799: 4^th Anglo-Mysore War

          Tipu was killed

          Siege of Srirangapatnam

          Partition of Mysore

          Hindu king installed in Mysore

          Ranjit Singh appointed Governor of Punjab by Zaman Shah

          Malcom led English mission to Persia

1800: Lord Wellesley established – Fort William College at Calcutta

          William Carry, Marshman and William Ward (TRIO of Serapore) founded – Serampore Baptist Missionary

          Death of Nana Phadnavis

1801: Carnatic aneexed to the British Empire

1802: Battle of Poona – Treaty of Bessin by Lord Wellesley and Baji Rao – II

1803: 2^nd Maratha War (1803-05)

          Capture of Aligarh

          Bettles of Delhi, Assaye, Laswari & Argaon

          Treaty of Surji Arjungaon

1804: War with the Holkars – defeat of Monsoon

          Battle of Deeg

1805: Failure of the English siege of Bharatpur

          Recall of Wellesley – 2^nd term of Lord Cornwallis as Governor General.

          Death of Lord Cornwallis.

          Sir George Burlow became new Governor General

          Treaty with the Holkars.

1806: Vellore Mutiny

1807: Lord Minto – I appointed as Governor General (1807-13)

1808: English missions to Persia under Malcom and to Kabul under Elephinstone

1809: Treaty of Amritsar between the English and Ranjit Singh

1813: Company’s Charter renewed

          Retirement of Lord Minto – I

          Appointment of Lord Hastings as Governor General (1813-23)

1814: Outbreak of war with Nepal (1814-16)

1816: Treaty of Sagauli – Closed war with Nepal

1817-18: The Pindari war and the 3^rd Maratha war

          Battles of Kirkee and Sitabaldi

          Deposition of Appa Sahed Bhonsle

          Battle of Mahidpur – Treaty with the Holkars

1818: Battle of Asthi, defense of Koregaon. Surrender of Peshwa Baji Rao – II

1819: Capitulation of Asirgarh

          Abolition of Peshwaship and retirement of Baji Rao – II in Bithur as British pensioner

          Protective alliance with the states of Rajputana

1820: Appointment of Sir Thomas Munro as Governor of Madras (1820-27)

1823: Departure of Lord Hastings.

          Mr. Adams became acting Governor General.

          Lord Amherst became new Governor General

1824: 1^st Burmese War (1824-26)

          Barrackpore Mutiny

1826: Fall of Bharatpur

          Treaty of yandabo

          Annexation of Assam, Arakan and Tennaserim

1827: The Enterprise – A man-of-war propelled by steam, lay off Madras

1828: Lord William Bentinck appointed Governor General (1828-36)

1829 – 37: Suppression of Thuggee

1830: Annexation of Cachar

          Raja Rammohan Roy visited England

1831: Deposition of Raja of Mysore and Assumption of it’s administration by the British

          Journey of Burnes upto Indus

          Meeting between Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck

1832: Annexation of Jaintia

1833: Renewal of Company’s charter, various reforms

          Death of Rammohan

1834: Annexation of Coorg

          Institution of law members in Supreme Council with Lord Macaulay as the first incumbent.

1835: Foundation of Calcutta Medical College

          Education resolution

          Retirement of Lord William Bentinck

          Charles Metcalfe officiating Governor General

          Abolition of Press restriction

1836: Appointment of Lord Auckland as Governor General (1836042)

1837-38: Famine in North India

1838: Tripartite treaty of the English with Shah Suja & Ranjit Singh

1839: New treaty forced on the Amirs of Sind

          Death of Ranjit Singh

          1^st Afghan War (1839-42)

          Capture of Ghazni and occupation of Kabul

1840: Rising Afghan tribes

          Deposition of Dost Muhammad

1841: Murder of Burnes and Macnaghten by the afghan

1842: British disaster in Afghanistan

          Retirement to Jalalabad of Dr. Brydon alone

          Relief of Jalalabad

          Reoccupation of Kabul

          Restoration of Dost Muhammad

          British evacuation of Afghanistan

          Lord Ellenborough became Governor General

1843: War with the Amirs of Sind; Battle of Miani & Dabo;

          Annexation of Sind

          Battle of Maharajapur

          Suppression of Slavery

1844: Recall of Lord Ellenborough

          Lord Hardinge became Governor General (1844-48)

1845: 1^st Sikh War (1845-46)

          Battle of Muki and Ferozpur

1846: Battles of Aliwal & Sobraon

          Treaty of Lahore

1848: Lord Dalhousie became Governor General (1848-56)

          Revolt of Mulraj

          2^nd Sikh War (1848-49)

          Enunciation of Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara

1849: Battles of chillianwalla and Gujrat

          Annexation of Punjab

          Bethune school for girls started in Calcutta

          Annexation of Jaitpur and Sambalpur

1850: Penal annexation of a part of Sikkim

1852: 2^nd Burmese War

          Annexation of Pegu

          Death of Baji Rao-II and stoppage of his pension

1853: 1^st Railway line from Mumbai to Thane

          1^st Telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra

          Annexation of Nagpur and Jhansi

          Cession of Berar by the Nizam

          Renewal of Company’s Charter

          Entrance into I.C.S. became open to completion

1854: Education Despatch by Sir Charles Wood

1855: The Santhal insurrection

1856: Annexation of Oudh

          The Universities Act

          Religious Disabilities Act

          Hindu Widow Remarriage Act

          Departure of Lord Dalhousie

          Appointment of Lord Canning as Governor General

          End of Crimean War

          General Service Order

          Persian War

          War in China (1856-60)

          Introduction of the Enfield Rifle and Greased Cartridges

1857: Beginning of Sepoy Mutiny

          Foundation of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Universities

1858: January to March – Trial of Emperor Bahadur Shah-II

          July – Proclamation of peace by Lord Canning

          August – Govt. of India Act

          November – Proclamation of Queen Victoria;

                             Lord Canning appointed as Viceroy

          Abolition of East India Company

1859: Withdrawal of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’

          Indigo Revolt (1859-60) [Important leaders: Bishnu Charan Biswas, Digambar Biswas, Ram Ratan Mullick who is known as ‘Nanasaheb of Bengal’]

          Keshab Chandra Sen founded Sangat Sabha

1860: Enactment of Indian Penal Code

          End of Indigo Revolt

1861: Indian Council Act

          Establishment of High Courts

          Civil Services Act

          Famine in North-West India

          Enactment of the Codes of Criminal Prceddure

          M.G.Ranade founded ‘Widow Remarriage Association’ in Maharashtra (Widow Remarriage Act, 1856)

          Introduction of ‘Port-folio System’

          Birth of Rabindranath Tagore

1862: Retirement of Lord Canning;

          Lord Elgin-I appointed Viceroy (1862-63)

          Amalgamation of Supreme and Sadar Courts into High Courts;

          Implement of Indian Penal Code

          Girish Chandra Ghosh founded ‘Bengali’

1863: Birth of Swami Vivekananda

1864: Suppression of Wahabi Movement;

          Sir John Lawrence appointed as new Viceroy

1865: Battle of Bhutan

          Madras High Court established

          Famine in Orissa, Bengal and Madras;

          Foundation of London India Society

          Telegraphic Communication opened with Europe

1866: Division of Bramho Samaj

          Debendra Nath Tagore founded ‘Adi Bramho Samaj’

          Keshab Chandra Sen founded ‘Bharatiya Bramho Samaj’

          Rajnarayan Basu founded ‘Society for the promotion of National Feeling’

          Dadabhai Naoroji founded ‘East India Association’

1867: Naba Gopal Mitra founded ‘Hindu Mela’

          Natu Brothers founded ‘Puna Sarvajanik Sabha’ (the structure was built)

1868: Foundation of ‘Amrita Bazar Patrika’

          ‘Punjab Tenancy Act’ and ‘Ayodhya Tenancy Act’

          Opening of Railway line between Ambala to Delhi

1869: Telegraph connection between India and Europe

          Lord Mayo became Viceroy (1869-72)

          Visit of the Duke of Edinbrough

          Birth of M.K.Gandhi

1870: Keshab Chandra Sen founded ‘Indian Reform Association’

          M.G.Ranade founded ‘Poona Sarvajanik Sabha’

         

1872: 1^st unofficial General Cencus by Lord Mayo (1^st Statistical Survey)

          Lord Mayo killed by Sher Ali;

          Lord Northbrook appointed Viceroy (1872-76)

         

1873: Famine in Bihar (1873 – 74)

1875: Dayanada Saraswati founded ‘Arya Samaj’ in Bomay;

          ‘Kuka’ revolt in Punjab;

          Shri Shisir Kumar Ghosh founded India League

          Prince of Wales, Edward, visited India for the 1^st time;

          Madam Blavatsky and Col. Olcott founded ‘The Theosophical Society’

          Sayad Ahmed Khan founded ‘Aligarh Movement’

          Deposition of Malhar Rao Gaekwad

1876: Retirement of Lord Northbrook;

          Lord Lytton-I became Voceroy (1876 – 80)

          Occupation of Quetta

          Outbreak of famine of Decan

          Royal Title Act passed

          S.N.Banerjee founded ‘India Association’

          Dramatic Performance Act passed

          Age of I.C.S. exam lowered from 21 to 19

1877: 1^st Jan-Delhi Durbar by Lord Lytton;

          Queen Victoria became the ‘Empress of India’

1878: Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act (Gagging Act) passed during the time of Lord Lytton;

          Richer Starchy Commission was the first Famine Commission;

          Ananda Mohan Bose and Shibnath Shastri founded Sadharan Bramho Samaj

          2^nd Anglo-Afgan War (1878 – 80)

1879: Treaty of Gandamark between Lord Lytton and Yakub Ali

1880: Keshab Chandra Sen founded ‘ Naba Bidhan Bramho Samaj’

          Resignation of Lord Lytton-I;

          Lord Ripon became Viceroy (1880 – 84)

1881: 1^st Factory Act

          1^st Government Census (Population 215 million)

          Rendition of Mysore

1882: Local Self Government established first time in India

          Repeal of Vernacular Press Act

          Hunter Commission on education

          Foundation of Punjab University

1883: The Ilbert Bill

          Implement of Famine Court

          Age of ICS is raised form 18 to 21

          S.N.Banerjee founded ‘Indian National Conference’

1884: Resignation of Lord Ripon;

          Lord Duffrin became Viceroy

          A.O.Hume founded ‘Indian National Union’  in Pune

          M.G.Ranade founded ‘Decan Education Society’

1885: Foundation of Indian National Congress (Former name was Indian National Union)

          Bengal Tenancy Act (Bengal Local Self-Government Act)

          3^rd Anglo-Burmese War

1886: Annexation of Upper Burma

          Restoration of Gwalior fort

          Lala Hansraj founded – Dayananda Anglo Vaidic Education Society in Lahore

          Indian Association merged with INC

1887: Shiv Narayan Agnihotri founded Dev Samaj in Lahore

          Queen Victoria’s Jubilee

1888: Resignation of Lord Duffrin;

          Lord Lansdown became Viceroy (1888-94)

          Sayiad Ahemed Khan founded Indian Patriotic Association

1889: 2^nd visit of Edwar, Prince of Wales

          Participation of Women in INC – Kadambini Ganguli

          Pritilata Waddeder’s birth centenary

1890: Mirza Ghulam Ahmed started Ahmediya Movement

1891: Age of Consent Act by B.M.Malabari (Marriage of girls below 12 years was prohibited)

          2^nd Factory Act

          Manipur Rebellion

1892: Indian Councils Act

          Foundation of Madras Hindu Association

          Gandhi went to England

1893: Durand’s mission to Kabul

          Ganapati Festival performed by B.G.Tilak

          Chicago Address by Vivekananda (at the age of 30)

1894: Lord Elgin-II became Viceroy (1894-99)

1995: Shivaji Festical by B.G.Tilak

1996: Plague in Bombay (1896-1900)

          Famine (1896-97)

          ‘No Revenue’ Movement started by Tilak

          ‘Bande Mataram’ song was sung for the first time in Kolkata

1997: Famine Commission

          Murder of Rand & Ayrst by Cahpekar Brothers (1^st Political Murder of India)

          Foundation of Ram Krishna Mission by Vivekananda

          Foundation of Atamaunnoti Samity

1899: Lord Curzon became Viceroy (1899-1905)

          V.D.Savarkar founded Mitra Mela

          Munda Revolt (Ul-Gulan) by Birsha Munda

1900: Famine

          Land Alienation Act

1901: Death of Queen Victoria & Accession of King Edward-VII

           The North-West Frontier Province was created

1902: Death of Swami Vivekananda

          Foundation of Religion Commission

          Anushilan Samity formed in Kolkata by Satish Chandra Basu (President – Pramatha Nath Mitra)

          Dawn Society formed; worked on the spread of National Education by Satish Chandra Mukherjee

          Lord Curzon passed the Ralley Commission (Two Indians are Gurudas Banerjee and Sayiad Hussain Bilgami)

1903: Risley Proposal on Bengal Partition published by Andrew Frazer (Lt. Governer of Bengal)

          M.K. Gandhi partly translated Plato’s ‘Republic’ in Gujrati

          M.K. Gandhi published ‘ Indian Opinion’ from South Africa

          Foundation of National Indian Congress

          Younghusband’s Mission – Tibetan Expedition (1903-04)

1904: Ancient Monument Preservation Act was passed by Lord Curzon

          University Act was passed by Lord Curzon

          Cooperative Societies Act passed

          The name ‘Mitra Mela’ was changed to ‘Abhinaba Bharat’

          Younghusband’s Mission – Military expedition to Tibet

          Gandhi founded ‘Phoneix Firm’ at Durban in South Africa

1905: Lord Minto-II became Viceroy (1905-10)

          Morley became Secretary of State

          Congress Session in Benaras

          Partition of Bengal Movement announced on 19^th July

          Partition of Bengal Movement implemented on 16^th October

          Ramendra Sundar Tribedi protested by celebrating ‘Arandhan’ Festival

          R.N. Tagore celebrated Rakhi Bandhan

          Swadeshi & Boycott started

          Dhaka Anushilian Samity was founded by Pulin Bihari Das

          Gokhle founded Servants of India Society

          India’s first Labour Union was founded : Printer’s Association

          India House & Indian Homerule Society founded in London by Shyamji Krishnaverma

1906: Congress Session in Calcutta

          Muslim League was founded by Nawab Salimullah & Aga Khan in Dhaka

          Jugantar Dal was founded by Bhupendra Nath Dutta & Barin Ghosh

          Foundation of Bengal Volunteers by Hem Chandra Ghosh

          Sandhya Patrika was founded by Bramho Bandhav Upadhyay

          Bengal Council for Education founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee [Bengal National School lather to be established as Jadavpur University, 1^st President – Rash Bihari Ghosh & 1^st Principal – Aurobindo Ghosh]

          M.K. Gandhi started Natal Satyagraha in South Africa

          Shimla Deputation to Minto-II by Aga Khan [for providing benefits to Muslims in Govt. jobs]

          Bipin Chandra Pal published Vande Mataram magazine (editor: Aurobindo Ghosh)

 1907: Madam Cama unfurled India flag in International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart on 18^th August 1907

          Bharatmata magazine published by Ajit Singh in Punjab;

          LalaLajpat Rai and Ajit Singh deported to Mandalayay;

          Tata Iron and Steel plant established near Sakchi;

          Surat split: Separation  of Extremists and Moderates in INC;

          Anglo-Russian Convention;

1908: 30^th April – Muzaffarpur Incident by PrafullaChaki and Khudiram Bose attempted to kill Kingsford, Magistrate of Muzaffarpur (supported by Tilak)

          1^st May – PrafullaChaki committed suicide at Mokama railway station

          Khudiram Bose was arrestedand tried (Alipore Conspiracy Case)

          11^th August – Khudiram Bose was hanged

          Tilak deported to Manadalayay for 6 years

          Newspaper Act

1909: Morley-Minto reforms

          S.P. Sinha who was the 1^st Indian to be appointed in Viceroy’s Executive Council

          Mr. Jackson was killed by Ananta Kanheri

          Madan Lal Dhingra killed CuzonWillyie in London

          1^st Political murder in abroad &Dhingra became the 1^st Indian Martyr abroad

          Gandhi published ‘Hind Swaraj’

1910: Lord Hardinge became Viceroy (1910-16)

          Gandhi founded ‘Tolstoy Firm’ in Johannesburg

          Nasik Conspiracy Case

          Dhaka Conspiracy Case

1911: Coronation of King George-V and Queen Mary or Delhi Durbar

          ‘Jana Gana Mana’ was sang for the first time.

          31^st December – Transfer of Capital (at the time of Lord Hardinge-II)

          12^th December – Bengal Partition repealed

          Gateway of India was built

          ‘Jana Gana Mana’ was sang for the first time in INC Calcutta Session

1912: W.B. Yeats translated Gitanjali in English

          Baqipur Congress Session

          Delhi Conspiracy Case: Basanta Biswas and Rash Bihari Bose tried to kill Viceroy Lord Hardinge-II (main accused Rash Bihari Bose fled from jail)

1913: LalaHaradayal founded Gadar Party in San Francisco (1^st President was Soham Singh Bakna)

          RabindraNath Tagore was awarded Nobel Prize

1914: 1^st World War stated ( 4^th August: declaration of War; 26^th September: Indian troops landed on France)

          KamagataMaruJapani Ship incident – on 29^th September, It reaches Budge Budge, Calcutta

          Victoria Conspiracy Case

1915: Battle of Buribalam (BaghaJatin became martyr)

          Benaras Conspiracy Case; main accused SachindranathSanyal

          9^th January: M.K. Gandhi came back to India permanently on request of Gopal Krishna Gokhle (NRI day)

          Defence of India Act

1916: Lord Chelmsford became Viceroy (1916-21)

          Congress reunited

          Lucknow Pact signed between Tilak (INC) & Jinnah (Muslim League)

          Muslim League joined INC

          Tilak and Annie Besant started ‘Home Rule Movement’

          Gandhi established ‘Sabarmati Ashram’ in Gujrat

          Madan Mohan Malavya founded Benaras Hindu University (BHU)

          Foundation of Women’s University in Poona

1917: Sadler Education Commission

          Gandhi started ‘Chamaran Satyagraha’ (on request of Raj Kumar Shukla)

          Annie Besant became the first woman president in the Calcutta session of INC

1918: India declared eligible for King’s Commission

          S.N. Banerjee founded ‘National Liberal Federation’

          Gandhi started ‘Kheda Satyagraha’

          Ballav Bhai Patel and IndullYaggik also lead ‘ Kheda Satyagraha’.

          Kheda Satyagraha was the 1^st Civil Disobedience Movement started by Gandhi

          Ahmadabad Satyagraha; Ahmadabad Mill Strike; use of hunger strike as weapon for the 1^st time in India; Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi &AnusuaBhen

1919: Rolatt Satyagraha

          1^st All India Stayagraha movement (Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, B.V. Patel)

          Indian National Federation supported Rowlatt Act

          JalianwallahBagh massacre

          Hunder Commission to investigate JalianwallahBagh massacre

          Montague-Chemsford reforms Act; Province Diarchy

          Treaty of Varsai signed

          Rabindranath Tagore returned Kingthood in protest of JalawallahBagh incident.

          Khilafat Movement started by Moulana Muhammad Ali, MoulanaSoukat Ali, HazratMohani, AbulKalam Azad, Abdul Bari

1920: All India Trade Union Congress was founded by Narayan Malahar Joshi (1^st President: LalaLajpat Rai; 1^st General Secretary: DiwanChawan Lal)

          Communist Party of India founded by ManbendraNath Roy;

Abani Mukherjee and Md. Ali founded Communist Party in Tashkhand

All India Khilafat Committee was presided over by Mahatma Gandhi

          1^st August: Mahatma Gandhi returned (1920-22) during the time of Viceroy – Lord Chelmsford

          Non-Cooperation Movement resoluted in Calcutta INC in September, and it was passed in Nagpur Session of INC in December’1920

          Annie Besant, Bipin Chandra pal and Md. Ali Jinnah did not participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement

          Lord Sinha appointed Governor of Bihar & Orissa

          Death of B.G. Tilak

1921: Lord Reading became Viceroy (1921-26)

          Visit of Edward, Prince of Wales

          General Cencus – The Year of Great Divide

          Communist Party of India registered

          ‘Moplah Revolt’ started in Kerala; Chief leaders were Kunhammed Haji& Ali Musaliar

          C.R. Das arrested by British police and sentenced to imprisonment

          Akali Movement started by Master Tara Singh in Punjab

          Ekka Movement started by MadariPasi

1922: 5^th February- Chauri-Chaura Massacre; Chief leader was BhagwanAhir

          11^th& 12^th February – Non-Cooperation Movement called off at the time of Lord Ridding

          Ganjhiji and J.L. Nehru were sentenced to imprisonment for 6 years and 1 year 6 months respectively

          BallavVai Patel started Flag/Jhanda Satyagraha or Nagpur Satyagraha in Nagpur

          Resignation of Montague

1923: 1^st January: C.R. Das &Motilal Nehru left INC and formed ‘Swarajya Party’ (Founder President was C.R. Das, Founder Secretary: Motilal Nehru on 28^th December’1922)

          1^st May: May Day first time observed in India in Madras, Initiated by SingaraverluuChettiyer

          Certification of Salt Tax

         

1924: ‘Hindustan Republican Association’ founded by SachindraNathSannyal, Ram Prasad Bismil and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee in Kanpur

          Mahatma Gandhi for the 1^st&lat time presided over INC in Belgaon session

          Kanpur BalaSebik Conspiracy Case – Main accused of Kanpur Conspiracy Case: Mufaffar Ahmed, S.A. Dange, SoukatUsmani and Nalini Gupta

          Barsad Satyagraha in Kerala; this is the 1^st Temple Entry Satyagraha (Leaders: T.K. Madhavan and K.Kelappan)

          End of Rampa Revolt – Alluri Sitaram Raju

1925: Communist Party of India founded by SingaraverluChettiyer (He is considered as the 1^st Communist of South India)

          Death of C.R. Das

          RashtriyaSwayamSevak Sangha (RSS) founded in Nagpur by K.B. Hedgaware (another centre was Amarabati)

          Sarojini Naidu was the 1^st Indian woman President of INC in Kanpur Session

          Death of S.N. Banerjee

          Lord Lytton-II officiated Viceroy

1926: Lord Irwin became Viceroy (1926-31)

          Independent Congress Party founded by Madan Mohan Malabya and Lala Lajpat Rai

          Nao-Jawan Bharat Sabha founded by Bhagat Singh in Firoz-Shah (Delhi)

          Responsive Cooperation Party founded by B.S. Monji & M.R. Jaykar

1927: International Congress on Colonial Operation and Imperialism (Conference) held at Brussels, capital of Belgium – attended by J.L. Nehru

          Simon Commission formed; Chairman: Sir John Simon

          All India Women’s Conference founded by Margaret Cousin in Poona

          INC Session, Madras – J.L. Nehru and M.A. Ansari pressurized the British for Complete Independence

1928: Simon Commission 3^rd February arrived at Bombay

          On 16^th October Lala Lajpat Rai became victim of Lathi Charge by Police Inspector Mr. Saunders while Lalaji leading a protest march opposing the Commssion

On 17^th November Lalaji died of the wounds of the Lathi Charge

Nehru Report; 1^st draft of Constitution written by the Indians (Actual author was Motilal Nehru)

Hindusthan Socialist Republican Association founded by Chandrasekhar Azad in Firoz-Shah, Delhi

Bardauli Satyagraha started at Bardauli in Gujrat under the leadership of Ballav Bhai Patel (on its success, the women of Bardauli gave him the title of ‘Sardar’)

1929: In March Meerut Conspiracy Case against the Communists

          33 Communist leaders, including 3 British Labour  Union Leader: Philip Spart, Benjamin Bradley and Hutchinson, were arrested by the British Police. Defense Lawyer was J.L. Nehru

          31^st October ‘Diwali Declaration’ by Lord Irwin;

          Dominion Status would be given in India

          INC Lahore Session;

          Poona Swaraj resolution passed

1930: Dandi March started from 12^th March to 6^th April (also known as ‘Salt Satyagraha’)

          On 6^th April Civil Disobedience Movement started (1930-34)

          Khan Abdul Gafar Khan formed ‘Khuda-I-Khidmadgar’ or ‘Lal Kurta Bahini’

          On 12^th November 1^st Round Table Conference (no one attended)

1931: On 5^th March Gandhi-Irwin Pact

          Sept-Dec: 2^nd Round Table Conference (Gandhiji represented INC)

          Lord Wellingdon became Viceroy (1931-36)

1932: January: Imprisonment of Gandhiji

          Congress prescribed severe repression

          Foundation of Indian Military Academy in Dehradun

          16^th August: Communal Award by Ramsey Mc Donald

          25^th September: Poona Pact

          3^rd Round Table Conference

1933: On 1^st August Gandhiji started Individual Civil Disobedience Movement

          Joint Select Committee

          White Paper on proposed reform published

1934: Civil Disobedience Movement called off

          Royal Indian Navy was created

          Earthquake in Bihar

          Factories Act

          All India Kisan Congress held at Lucknow under the Presidentship of Sahajanand Saraswati

1935: Government of India Act ( Chief source for Indian Constitution)

1936: Lord Linlithgow became Viceroy

          Death of Emperor George-V

          Accession and abdication of Edward-VIII, Accession of George-VI

1937: 1^st Provincial Autonomy inaugurated

          Interim Ministries

          June: Viceregal Statement

July: Formation of Congress ministries in six provinces

Federal Court started

1939: On 3^rd September 2^nd World War begins

          On 17^th October Viceroy’s announcement of Dominion status as the goal for Constitutional Development

          Resignation of Provincial Congress Ministries

1940: Muslim League declares for Pakistan

1941: Subhas Bose jumped home internment and went over land to Germany

1942: British capitulation in Burma and evacuation leaving 90,000 Indian Soldiers behind

          29^th March: Cripps Mission

          April: Japan bombarded Vizag

          August: ‘Quit India Movement’

         

1943: The Bengal Famine

          Lord Wavell became Governor General (1943-47)

1944: Japan invasion of Assam

1945: Repulse of the Japanese army and Indian National Army near Kohima in Manipur

1946: On 18^th February         Revolt of the Royal Indian Navy

          Cabinet Mission in India

          On 16^th August, Direct Action Day observed by the Muslim League with bloody communal riots in Calcutta

          On 20^th August Communal riots in Deccan

          On 2^nd September Interim Govt. formed

          On 14^th October Communal riots in Noakhali and Tipperah

          On 25^th October Communal riots in Bihar

          On 26^th October Muslim League joined the Interim Government

          On 9^th December 1^st Session of Constituent Assembly

1947: Lord Mountbatten became Governor General

          Communal riots in Punjab

          On 3^rd June ‘3^rd June Plan’ announced (Proposal for Partition of India & Independence) by Mountbatten to grant independence to India by partitioning into India & Pakistan

          On 15^th August India became independent

1948: On 30^th January Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi